Python

  Line charts A line chart, also known as a line graph, is a commonly used data visualization technique that displays the relationship between two continuous variables over a continuous interval or time. It is created by connecting data points with straight lines, where the x-axis represents the independent variable (e.g., time, distance) and the y-axis represents the dependent variable (e.g., temperature, sales). Line charts are particularly useful for visualizing trends, patterns, and changes over time. They provide a clear depiction of how the values of the dependent variable evolve as the independent variable progresses. Here are some key features and applications of line charts: Trend visualization: Line charts are effective in showing the overall trend or direction of the data. The line connecting the data points provides a visual representation of how the dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable. It enables the identification of increasing, dec...

Bar charts and histograms Bar charts and histograms are both common data visualization techniques used to represent the distribution of data. While they have similarities, they differ in their application and the type of data they are used to display. Bar chart: A bar chart, also known as a bar graph, is used to display categorical data. It consists of rectangular bars, where the length of each bar represents the frequency or proportion of data falling into a particular category. The categories are typically represented on the x-axis, and the height or length of the bars corresponds to the values or counts associated with each category. Key features of a bar chart include: Categorical data representation: Bar charts are suitable for representing discrete or categorical variables, such as different groups, categories, or labels. Comparison of categories: Bar charts allow for easy visual comparison of the values or frequencies across different categories. Bar orientation: The bars in a b...

Scatter plots A scatter plot is a commonly used data visualization technique that displays the relationship between two continuous variables. It represents data points as individual dots or markers on a Cartesian coordinate system, with one variable represented on the x-axis and the other on the y-axis. Each dot on the plot represents a single data point, and the position of the dot corresponds to the values of the variables it represents. Scatter plots are effective for visualizing the correlation or relationship between two variables. They provide insights into the distribution of data points, the presence of patterns or trends, and the presence of outliers. By examining the scatter plot, one can identify the general pattern, if any, that exists between the variables, and evaluate the strength and direction of the relationship. Here are some key aspects and features of scatter plots: Relationship assessment: Scatter plots help determine whether there is a positive, negative, or no re...

Data visualization Data visualization in machine learning refers to the graphical representation of data to gain insights, identify patterns, and communicate information effectively. It is a crucial step in the machine learning pipeline as it helps in understanding the data, exploring relationships between variables, and presenting the results of a model. Data visualization serves several purposes in machine learning: Exploratory data analysis: Data visualization helps in exploring the dataset by providing a visual summary of the data. It allows analysts and data scientists to understand the distribution of variables, detect outliers, identify trends, and discover patterns that may not be apparent in raw data. By visualizing the data, one can form hypotheses and make informed decisions on feature engineering and model selection. Feature selection and engineering: Data visualization aids in feature selection by visually analyzing the relationship between features and the target variable...

Data cleaning FIG : Data Cleaning Data cleaning, also known as data cleansing or data pre-processing, is the process of detecting and correcting or removing corrupt, inaccurate, or incomplete records from a dataset. It is a crucial step in machine learning as the accuracy and effectiveness of a model depend on the quality of the data that it is trained on. The data cleaning process typically involves several steps: Handling missing data: Incomplete data records can lead to biased or incorrect results. One way to handle missing data is to delete records with missing values. Another approach is to fill in the missing values with reasonable estimates, such as the mean or median of the available data. Handling outliers: Outliers are data points that deviate significantly from the rest of the data. They can distort the results and should be handled carefully. One approach is to remove them from the dataset, but in some cases, they may be important and should be kept. Handling duplicates: Du...

 MOST USED FUNCTIONS IN  PANDAS  read_csv(): reads a CSV file into a DataFrame. read_excel(): reads an Excel file into a DataFrame. read_sql(): reads a SQL query or database table into a DataFrame. read_json(): reads a JSON file into a DataFrame. read_html(): reads an HTML file or URL into a list of DataFrames. read_stata(): reads a Stata file into a DataFrame. read_clipboard(): reads text from the clipboard into a DataFrame. read_pickle(): reads a pickled object into a DataFrame. read_feather(): reads a Feather file into a DataFrame. read_parquet(): reads a Parquet file into a DataFrame. read_hdf(): reads an HDF5 file into a DataFrame. DataFrame(): creates a new DataFrame object. Series(): creates a new Series object. concat(): concatenates two or more DataFrames. merge(): merges two DataFrames based on a common column. append(): appends rows to a DataFrame. pivot_table(): creates a pivot table from a DataFrame. groupby(): groups data by one or more colu...